Market Based Accounting Research Impacts

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts Market-based Accounting Research Introduction Accounting provides financial data about the performance of a company. This data enables accounting information users, including investors, to take their decisions about investing in the shares of a company. Similarly, accounting research evaluates the usefulness of this accounting data to investors and other users. The relationship between the two can be examined through market-based accounting research. Market-based accounting research is a search into relationship between publicly disclosed accounting information and the consequences of use of this information by equity investors. In other words, market-based accounting research examines the association between accounting numbers and security return and tests whether or not accounting data carry any information content to security market. Rationale for the Research Market-based Accounting Research is extremely relevant to the study of capital market efficiency, CAPM, information economics and regulation. The main drive of market-based accounting research comes from major developments in finance theory during the last few decades, especially in late 50s and early 60s. These developments include portfolio selection theory, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and the concept of information-efficient capital markets followed by developments in information economics, agency theory and optimal incentive-signaling models. The rationale of this study has its basis in the research in this area in the past. Over the past three decades, a significant amount of research in market-based accounting research has emerged to evaluate the usefulness of accounting data to investors and the association between the accounting numbers and security return. In fact in the recent years due to development of capital markets, globalization and increase in stock trading, market-based accounting research has become even more important. Contemporary market-based accounting research has primarily focused on its international dimension which has had important policy implications for regulators and others who deal with disclosure requirements in different stock exchanges. The focus of this dissertation will be on examining how market-based accounting research impacts the kind of common stock traded in major stock exchanges. In light of this, the study will examine the relationship between accounting numbers, stock market returns and market valuations. Key Aims Objectives As indicated above, the prime focus of the study is to examine contemporary accounting theory and research with an emphasis on market-based accounting research and its impact on capital markets. As market based accounting research is based on the valuation of firms and their securities, the use of financial statements for valuation purposes, and the implications for financial reporting and corporate governance, all these areas will form a part of this study. The study aims to: Describe the concept of market based accounting research Identify the information content of market-based accounting research Provide an insight into local market conditions as well as comparative international state of market-based accounting research. Examine the role of market-based accounting research and the importance of disclosure of accounting information on capital markets Examine how published information is used by investors for designing their trading strategies Describe how market-based accounting research information impacts the capital markets efficiency Describe accounting based valuation and relate it to the content of brokers’ reports Key Research Questions The three key research questions proposed to be examined by this study are: What is the role of accounting information in capital markets? What is the information content of accounting information? What is the market-based accounting research hypothesis in context of influence on investors investing in stocks? Another key research question is how the market reacts to reported earnings, as well as the impact of reported earnings on the properties of analysts’ forecasts. These questions, especially the information content of accounting information, can be measured by the influence of the information on security prices. While measuring the influence it is assumed that investors can understand the differences in earnings that are due to differences between accounting methods. In other words, the study is based on efficient market hypothesis or the assumption that stock prices accurately and quickly adapt to all available information and therefore prevent individuals from getting abnormal return. Proposed Research Methodology Sources of Data / Information The study will be both exploratory as well as descriptive and will rely on both primary as well as secondary sources of information. Sampling for Primary Information Primary data will be collected from a sample consisting of both brokers as well as individual and institutional active investors who have invested in equity shares in a few pre-selected companies listed on the US or European stock exchanges. The period of investment will be from 2000-2006 as 6 years is a sufficient time to analyse the impact. These investors will be chosen on the basis of the frequency with which they invest in the securities. Data will be collected by administering questionnaires seeking information on how these investors make an investment decision. Sources of Secondary Information The prime source of secondary data will be: Annual reports of the selected companies under consideration. The variables that will be focused upon will include stock returns, dividends, net income on sale, return of equity, return on asset, debt ratio, interest coverage, current ratio, Price-earning ratio and price. The final report will be supplemented with information from: Literature searches ( refer list of references at the end of the document ) Past articles and research in the area Internet searches: Searching specific data from Yahoo and Google search engine Data Analysis Data will be compiled into data master sheets. The statistical description for all the variables will be presented in a separate table. The various sets of information pooled over the five year period of study will be clearly presented in the table in context of the various variables. The standard deviation and also correlation between the variables and the stock return will be determined and analysed. Correlation will be based on Karl Pearson’s method of correlation. In addition to standard deviation and correlation, regression analysis will also be used for examining the market reaction to reported accounting information. Regression is used for analysis of impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. The dependent variable for regression analysis will be stock returns while the independent variables will be dividends, Net income on Sale, return of equity, return on asset, debt ratio, interest coverage, current ratio, and price-earnings ratio. Regression equations will be solved using Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). Qualitative data gathered from the investors may include opinions of respondents on a certain issues, reasons for certain behaviour and descriptions of certain procedures, practices or perceptions with which the researcher is not familiar. The data can be analysed by classifying all answers into a few categories. References Abeyratna, G, A.A.Lonie, D.M. Power and C.D. Sinclair (1993), The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements: A UK Study of a Complex Market Signal, University of Dundee. Bonin, Joseph M. and Edward A. Moses (1974), Seasonal Variations in Prices of Individual Dow Jones Industrial Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Charest, Guy (1978) Dividend Information, Stock Returns and Market Efficiency II, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 6 Dyckman, Thomas R. and Dale Morse (1986), Efficient Capital Markets and Accounting: A Critical Analysis, Prentice-Hall. Foster, Taylor W. and Don Vickrey (1978) The Information Content of Stock Dividend Announcement, Accounting Review. Vol. LIII. No. 2 Kinney, W. (April 1986.), Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students, Accounting Review Kothari, S.P. Capital Markets Research in Accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 31 Nos. 1-3 Ross, Stephen A. 1978, The Current Status of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The Journal of Finance, Vol.XXXIII. No. 3 Scholes, Myron S. 1972. The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and the Effects of Information on Share Prices, Journal of Business

LAN Based Inventory System Essay

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Problem Nowadays, computerized system is the main tool that will help to lessen the work and improve data integrity. Working in a company that has no system takes a lot of time and effort to retrieve the data that they want because the large part of the process of the business is manual. MIS (Management Information System) Office is divided into three (3) sections: Systems Development and Administration Section, Network and Technical Maintenance Section, and Education and Training Section. The project will only focus on one of the three sections, which is the Network and Technical Maintenance Section. . MISO caters their services and requests to other Local Government Offices and National Agencies within the Pasig City Hall. Some of these departments and offices are the License Office, Treasurer’s Office, Accounting Office, National Statistics Office (NSO), etc. Network and Technical Maintenance is having a hard time in keeping their records since all of it is written down on paper. Whenever they need to look for a specific report, they would have to go through the pile of service records in the office. This consumes too much time. All requests for peripheral devices, such as printers, keyboards, and monitors, are in the form of a letter, and all requests for services like troubleshooting and installation will either be in the form of a letter or a phone call. The Network and Technical Maintenance Section mostly considers the allocation and monitoring of peripheral devices as their major problem in the office. Technicians cannot define clearly whether a specific peripheral device is lost, damaged, for disposal, etc. 1.2 Overview of the Current State of the Technology MIS Office is responsible for research, development, implementation and management of integrated computerized application system of the city government. It is in-charge of providing technical information and education  to the city government employees and its constituents of all barangay through the Computer Literacy Programs. The office is responsible for maintaining the existing data network communication in different offices where the computerized system are installed and used, and updates/coordinates with the contractor of the Network Installation for troubleshooting and preventive maintenance. It is also in-charge of evaluating, monitoring and maintaining all computer equipment and directs the utilization of Information Technology (IT) in the different government operation of Pasig City. The department that needs to request a peripheral device is required to provide a letter of request to the Head of MIS office. If the Head of MIS office approved their request, the technician will check if the devices are available and if so, the technician will record and deploy the devices on the designated office. Network and Technical Maintenance Section is only authorized to do all the technical support. If they are going to deploy a device, they have to record to the inventory the peripheral device that they pulled-out. By recording the device, they have to write on the log book all the information needed like type of peripheral device, serial number, name of office, borrowed date, name of technician in-charge, and remarks. To do technical service, the department that needs technical support will call to MIS office and request a technician. The technician should have the service slip before they go to the other department. If the problem can be fixed within the office, the technician will fill-up the form and indicate what they have done. The employee who requested for support will confirm and sign in the service slip. But if it cannot be fixed within the area, the device will be pulled-out to the designated office and will be brought to the MIS office. After bringing the device to the MIS office, the technician will record or log in the information of the peripheral device on the log book and if the device is already fixed, the technician will log-out or return the device to the office.

The Most Important Values That I - 1494 Words

IA. The most important values that I identify with most is dedication, improvement, empowerment, empathy, and compassion. †¢ I would say that these are most important to me because without these five elements I would not be the person I am now. I wouldn’t have gotten through my struggles without being either taught or simply observing from others how you should be in life. o Dedication has been taught to me from my family; if you were to say you were going to do something, they expect you to follow through with that actions. Always stay dedicated to others because you never know when you will be in need. With dedication comes loyalty and respect. Not only be dedicated to others but yourself as well, I was always taught to stay in school, don’t give up, keep your head up, and never say â€Å"I can’t†. Those who give up are the weak and no one should be weak in my family. o â€Å"No one is perfect but you should always strive for perfection†, this is something I was told as a child, everyone has room for improvement in every aspect of life. This was really brought u p mostly in my church, trying to a godly person, showing the love of Christ as always trying your best. Even though everyone is a sinner and will always be a sinner we should always improve in the aspects we notice that we fall short in, my church family has been a big influence in my life and with their influence I was taught always strive for who God is rather than what the world wants. I would see how my family would makeShow MoreRelatedWhat Values I Learned From My Family853 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up with my cultural views gave me access to several important values I learned from my family. These values are very important to me, as they have shaped who I am today. The three most important values for me would be: to be honest, to be myself, and to be respectful. Each value has taught me different perspectives, abilities and given me different qualities. All three values are very important to me, however the most important one would have to be, being honest not just with others but beingRead MoreThe Top Five Personal Values845 Words   |  4 PagesThe top five personal values I consider most important are love, freedom, family security, equality, and recognition. These values all share the theme that they involve other people consider other people s thoughts. The bottom five values I consider to be the least important are having a sense of accomplishment, union with God, pleasure, achievement, and dollar reward. These values appear to be more individualistic values. 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I was born and spent 24 years living in Mexico so I can say that Mexico has many traditions and ideals in its culture and the three are consider very significant in this culture like values, beliefs, and important objects. One of the most important values in the Mexican culture is the family. Family values play an important role in the Mexican culture that allow members of every familyRead MorePersonal Values and Spirituality1379 Words   |  6 PagesI am fortunate to have realized my faith in god in early years of my life and experiences in life have only strengthened my faith; I was born and raised in a small town in India and my elementary to undergraduate education has been from a Christian, catholic school, Convent of Jesus Mary, a congregation established by Mother Claudine Thevnet who wanted to undertake the education of girls in India. It was in school, I first experienced the introduction to Christianity and my family being Hindu resonatedRead MoreValues Is The Core Bei ng Of Who You Are And Influences How You Conduct Yourself855 Words   |  4 Pages Values are the core being of who you are and influences how you conduct yourself. Your values are guidelines for making important decisions such as who to marry, what type of career to pursue and the list goes on. Values are grown from the time you are an infant into adulthood and do not change drastically, but can change in priority as you go through life. As Johnston (2014) states, â€Å"Much research indicates that while our attitudes and interests may change as a result of life experiences ourRead MoreWhat I Had The Privilege Of Doing By Interviewing My Grandma And My Spanish Teacher846 Words   |  4 PagesCulture is an important aspect of everyone’s lives whether they believe so or not. It is important to think about culture through different ways and that is what I had the privilege of doing by interviewing my grandma and my Spanish teacher. Comparing and contrasting was the most important concept when it came to deciphering what the importance is when it comes to culture. The most important aspect that both interviewees discussed was the importance of education and family, their values. Process MyRead MoreThe Nasw Code Of Ethics1266 Words   |  6 PagesAfter reviewing the NASW Code of Ethics, I am confident that my personal values will conform well to the social work profession. There are a few personal values of mine that may conflict to the social work profession; however, I will most certainly use my professional judgement to ensure that I will not break the NASW Code of Ethics. Overall, I found that many of my personal values were mentioned in the NASW Code of Ethics. There are several personal values of mine that conform well to the socialRead MoreA Leadership Framework Is The Foundation Of Our Ethical Leadership872 Words   |  4 Pagesof our ethical leadership style. It displays the values that each of us hold near to us in regards to ethical leadership. When creating my leadership framework, I looked intrinsically as well as used past experiences to discover what leadership values were most important to me. My leadership framework effectively establishes the important personal values that allow me to effectively lead myself and others towards success. One of the first values established in my leadership framework is â€Å"PlanningRead MoreLeadership Identity Paper Part I1622 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership Identity Paper Part I Gage Bailey Christopher Newport UniversityThis paper will serve several key principles: to summarize my past, to explain which theories of development I find most applicable to my life today and to discuss my values and how they affect my style of leadership. Firstly, after analyzing the Leadership Identity Development Model, I find myself within the Exploration/Engagement stage; I am becoming involved with many new organizations, identifying my strengths and

The President Of The United States - 1568 Words

The poll I designed is titled, â€Å"Who Would You Back in the Oval Office.† Almost every eligible voter in America has some idea of whom they would like to see become the next President of the United States. Unfortunately, not every voter can have his or her way and have his or her first choice elected. Therefore, it is important to note whom the people of the United States would support in office. Just because a voter, for example, prefers Hillary Clinton as his or her first choice does not mean he or she does or does not support Bernie Sanders. This is the goal of the poll: to find out who the American people will support as the next President of the United States. Prior polls have fallen short in which the polls only ask participants who they would want in the Oval Office. Although this is important, it is vital to comprehend whom voters will support if their number one choice does not win. The â€Å"Who Would You Back in the Oval Office† poll seeks to address who the American people will be happy with in the White House. Most polls do not address the very important question of support; instead the polls only ask about favorites. Recent polls regarding the Presidential election only ask participants for their number one choice. Instead, it is vital to find out whom the American people will support and be content with in office. One example from the news is Ted Cruz and Donald Trump. Ted Cruz has not given an answer as to whether he would support Donald Trump as the RepublicanShow MoreRelatedThe President Of The United States1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe president is the most important job in the United States. Not the ruler of the United States ,but have some power over the country. The president of the United States is a person who symbolize the country and leads the country by making decisions of what is the best thing to do. The president needs to know about the past history such as the conflict of World War I and II and different events that led to violence in our own country. The president of the United States needs to know how the systemRead MoreThe President Of The United States1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe President of the United States is a well respect and immensely powerful position. Every 4 years, a new president is elected. Many highly respect individuals hold competition for this career, presenting their ideas and beliefs for the American people to support or refute. The United States current president, Barack Obama, is ending is 2nd term in office. This starts the debate and discussion of who will take his place as president. Currently, there is an enormous selection of individuals who peopleRead MoreThe President Of The United States777 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many flaws in the actions of the President of the United States using executive action to shape policies for the United States, but congress plays a major role in the reasons why there are so many issues pertaining to the use of executive action. Another flaw is that it is not spelled out in the constitution that the president is allowed to bypass congress on any issues that are not attended to. Congress makes a huge fuss about the president executing his executive actions but congressRead MorePresident Of The United States1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe President of the United States of America is literally the most important person on this planet. Why, you may ask? Well, that’s because, he is â€Å"in charge† of the most powerful and influential country of the world. 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She was raised in Park Ridge, Illinois, which is a picturesque suburb located about fifteen miles from downtown Chicago (â€Å"HillaryRead MoreThe President Of The United States1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn every presidential election, political debates occur with the political party’s main candidate where they offer their views on running the country then citizens decide who should be the president of the United States. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale participated in their second debate against each other. Four panelists on the topic of defense and foreign policy issues would prompt the two candidates to certain issues of their concern. Some issues in the dispute that were d iscussedRead MoreThe President Of The United States930 Words   |  4 PagesThe President of the United States, Jackson M. Washington, was six-foot three-inch’s tall, athletic build, salt and pepper graying hair; he was fifty-three years old. 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And as well chooses how the laws of the United States are to be enforced along with singling outRead MoreThe President Of The United States Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout United States history, the American people voted for the President of the U.S. and for members of both chambers of Congress, and the 2016 election is not an exception. On November 9th, Donald J. Trump was declared to become the 45th President of the United States by attaining 306 electoral votes, which is clearly past the threshold of the required 270 electoral votes. However, after winning the popular vote in states Trump had won, some electors from those states have expressed their disappointmentRead MorePresident Of The United States860 Words   |  4 PagesA president of the United States must perform various roles such as, Chief Legislator, Commander in Chief, Chief Executive, Chief of State, Chief of Party, Chief Administrator, Chief Diplo mat, and Chief Citizen. 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Types Of Compensation For Employees - 1453 Words

Types of Compensation Natalie A. Szczep August 15, 2015 Intermediate Accounting II Keiser University Abstract There are many different forms of compensation that employers pay to their workers. The accounting treatment of these various forms of pay are different depending on the type, frequency and amounts of compensation due. Each type of compensation also has different disclosures required, advantages and disadvantages based on the accounting rules. The following pages will take a closer look at three forms of compensation: base wages, vacation pay, and bonuses. Salaries expense is the most basic type of compensation to be accounted for. Salary is compensation paid to an employee for services rendered to a company. The entries recorded to pay salaries are entered based on the pay cycle of the company, whether it is weekly, biweekly, monthly or bimonthly, etc. These pay cycles do not always coincide with the issuing of financial statements, and the income statement must show total expenses for that period. Expenses for salaries are accrued, to show that the amounts have been earned, even if the pay date occurs after the end of the accounting period and therefore, the issuing of the income statement (Averkamp, 2015). The accrual for salaries expense is classified as a current liability on the balance sheet per the FASB code 210-10-45-8c (Asc.fasb.org, 2015). So, the accounting treatment and classifications are fairly straightforwardShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Pay-for-Performance1595 Words   |  6 PagesPay-for-Performance, the effec tive use of this compensation system poses difficulties for the Legal Profession and for other industries that must compete for client dollars. Meaning of pay-for performance Pay-for-Performance is a type of compensation/pay system directly and clearly linking rewards to high performance and based on the Reinforcement Theory premise that what gets rewarded gets done (McNatt, Glassman, McAfee, 2007, p. 29). This approach to compensation has gained in popularity, as the globalRead MoreThe Implementation Of The Apple Company1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe Apple Company satisfies most of its employees using its comprehensive compensation plan that includes all workers irrespective of their positions. To start with, it is among the most profitable companies in the world and it focuses on the manufacturing and designing of software and electronics. Additionally, its most popular hardware devices are iPod, Mac Book, iMac, and iPhone, which make significant contributions to the company’s profits. The software devices that it manufactures are iTunesRead MoreCompensation Of Memorial Hospital Savannah1075 Words   |  5 PagesCompensation Packages- Memorial Hospital Savannah HR is the one responsible of the development of the organization compensation system and of the development of the pay structures, programs and policies.an effective compensation system will be focused on compelling with the law, cost-effectiveness, provide equity in all aspects and enhancement of the organization (Flynn, 2015). Compensation packages can include bonuses, benefits like health insurance, retirement benefits, paid time off, and professionalRead MoreThe three types of Compensation and Benefits1189 Words   |  5 Pages The three types of Compensation and Benefits analyzed through this research are Shared Base Compensation dealing with stock option and restricted stock, Regular Base Compensation and Pension Plans. 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As another criticalRead MoreThe Employee Total Compensation Program1163 Words   |  5 Pages The employee total compensation program in Aflac is competitive with the industry market for the employees (Reed, 2009, p. 3). First, the company has a program referred to as a â€Å"Total rewards program† for the employees of this organization (p. 3). Next, the focus of the Aflac organization derives from the importance on employees through communication (p. 3). To illustrate, the company’s benefits include compensation such as life insurance paid for by Aflac, policy for cancer paid for by AflacRead MoreThree Forms of Compulsory Insurance1031 Words   |  4 PagesThe three main types of compulsory insurance are the Unemployment Insurance Fund, Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases which is amended as Workers’ Compensation and the Road Accident Fund. (Mindset, Online) Workers’ Compensation induces employers to insure their employees who perform certain types of work which is stipulated in the Act against disability as a result of injuri es, occupational diseases or death withstood during the performance of their work. Compensation is paid to theRead MoreEmployee Compensation And Benefits Packages Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesEmployee Compensation and Benefits Organizations create compensation and benefits packages in order to attract the best talent. In today’s global economy it is imperative that organizations offer compensation packages that are competitive in order to recruit the very best talent in the world. However, in order to be successful, compensation packages must align with business strategies. Authors â€Å"Mathis, Jackson, and Valentine (2014) explain that an effective total rewards approach balances theRead MoreDoc, Docx, Pdf, Wps, Rtf, Odt758 Words   |  4 PagesCompensation Strategy Challenges | * Human resource want to increase the performance, to retain key employees, bring new skilled talents to the company and they want to keep costs under a strict control. * Finding, motivating, developing and keeping employees is a key component of business success * The compensation components cannot be managed discretely, they have to be a part of the overall strategy - the company has to define the competitive compensation strategy.Compensation StrategyRead MoreCompensation and Benefits1695 Words   |  7 Pages | |Compensation and Benefits | |Human Resource Management Coures | | Employee compensation and benefits are critical factors in the new hire acceptance process

Dairy Industry in Pakistan Free Essays

While comparing the value of milk with other cash crops, it was mentioned that milk had a value about 60% higher as compared to both wheat and cotton together. The land of Pakistan is benefited with both irrigated plains through mighty Indus river with its tributaries and desert areas like Scholastic and Thereafter. Pakistan is expended from costal range areas in the south to the alpine pastures in the north and has variability in topography, rainfall, immunity, temperature, plant and animal species, social and cultural heritage. We will write a custom essay sample on Dairy Industry in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now So Larry development Is not only name to meet ten growing means AT animal protein but for socioeconomic reasons as dairy animals provide regular cash income, economic utilization of family labor, create social security and supply growing markets. Milk production is an extremely labor intensive occupation, however, in many countries of the world including Pakistan, it is the most productive way of converting crop residues and agro industrial wastes into valuable food. But due to biological and technical constrains like shortage of feed, high mortality rate, poor emetic potential etc; socio economic constraints like high input cost, scarcity of sources, inadequate marketing systems, commercial feed industry and policy constraints render this sector undeveloped and truly in a miserable condition. The main objective of this article is to review the potentials, problems and solutions pertaining to dairying in Pakistan. Main features of dairy sector in Pakistan. Dairy industry in Pakistan has similar characteristics, like other developing Asian nations, which include small herd, poor genetic potential of animals for milk, low quality deeds, high risks of epidemics, improper marketing channels, lack of technical man power for dairy industry, high environmental stresses, reproductive failure and high udder abnormalities, orthodox management practices, poor extension services and lack of commercial rations. Despite of all above problems, dairy animals, mainly buffalo and cattle are producing 26. 4 million tones of milk in Pakistan (Agriculture Statistics, 1999-2000). Per capita availability of milk in Pakistan is 82. 4 Keg annually. This quantity of milk provides more than half of the 17. 4 g of animal protein available or each Pakistani daily. But Pakistan still has to import dry milk and other milk products e. G. Butter, cheese, yogurt, cream, whey etc. Every year to fulfill the ever increasing demands for milk and milk products. During year 1999-2000 Pakistan expended about 1213. 5 million rupees of valuable foreign exchange to import the milk and milk products (Agricultural Statistics, 1999-2000). The increasing demands for dairy products are attributed to high population growth rate and rapid arbitration. Population of buffalo and cattle. Pakistan owns about 23. 3 million heads of buffalo Agriculture Statistics 1999-2000). The buffalo population increased about 14. 7% during the last 6 years from 1996 to 2001 in Pakistan. Population trends indicate that their number is likely to further increase in future (Khan, 1998) Punjab, Kinds, NFW and Balloonists provinces contribute 64, 28, 7 and 1%, respectively, to the total buffalo population of the country (Livestock Scenes, 1996). These figures indicate that most of the buffaloes are present in irrigated areas and along riversides of the country. About 60% of the total buffalo stock is, female buffalo stock, of above three years of age. It is estimated that about 8. 7 million heads of buffalo are in milk, remaining either in dry stage or not yet calved. About 0. 42 million buffalo bulls are available either for breeding or for work purposes. According to Economic Survey (1999-2000) of Pakistan about 22. 4 million heads of cattle are available in Fig. 1. How to cite Dairy Industry in Pakistan, Essays

Summary of an Article in Urban Africa for CPTED- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSummary of an Article in Urban Africa for CPTED. Answer: The article being summarized, emphasizes on reducing the crimes and violent situations that the urban people of Africa face. According to the author, the crime scenes can be diminished by incorporation and implementation of materialistic change in the houses (Meth 2017). The use of varied materials that have a hyper-permeability is essential to be implemented in the crime prone zones. The primary aim of the paper is to deduce an inference on the materials that can be used and provide a literature of global South for the Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It also highlights the degree at which the materialistic change can affect the crime and violence in Africa. The paper has also explored the qualities of materials that are being used for informal housing by considering the hyper-permeability of the elements. The importance of upgrading houses around the vicinities under consideration, is also covered under the paper. The people are much more vulnerable to violenc e and crime when have a poor housing infrastructure (Patel 2013). The improvement procedure that has been implemented in the setup has also been partially tested. The experiences of the women and children is improved largely by betterment of the elements used for building houses as it decreases the chances of theft, rape and attacks on several levels (Collier and Venables 2014). The house holds that have females as head are more vulnerable to the factors discussed, use of upgraded housing elements reduces such chances (Daniel et al. 2016). The setup that is under the authors focus has been found to be under upgradation, although it is not seen in all areas. Theft in informal housing setups is seen to be less defensible than the formal ones. Several infrastructures that have been upgraded has also been analyzed by the author of the paper. Installation of burglar guards were found to improve visibility in the vicinities, this inculcation facilitated proper surveillance in the crime pr one areas of the country (Collier, Collier and Venables 2014). Prior to the findings, the author came to the conclusion that eradication of the violent scenario in Africa is not possible only by implementation of upgraded housing materials. Violence is influenced by a wider range of factors like politics, economy, and several other social factors and hence these factors should also be improved. References: Collier, P. and Venables, A.J., 2014. Housing and urbanization in Africa: Unleashing a formal market process. Collier, P., Collier, P. and Venables, A. (2014).Housing and Urbanization in Africa. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Daniel, M.M., Wapwera, S.D., Omogor, C.O. and Olutunde, E.S., 2016. Formal Housing Sector Reform in Neoliberal Nigeria.International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability,3(3). Meth, P., 2017. Informal housing, gender, crime and violence: The role of design in urban South Africa.The British Journal of Criminology,57(2), pp.402-421. Patel, K., 2013. A successful slum upgrade in Durban: A case of formal change and informal continuity.Habitat International,40, pp.211-217.